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Section Navigation

  • Introduction
  • Built-in Functions
  • Built-in Constants
  • Built-in Types
  • Built-in Exceptions
  • Text Processing Services
    • string — Common string operations
    • re — Regular expression operations
    • difflib — Helpers for computing deltas
    • textwrap — Text wrapping and filling
    • unicodedata — Unicode Database
    • stringprep — Internet String Preparation
    • readline — GNU readline interface
    • rlcompleter — Completion function for GNU readline
  • Binary Data Services
    • struct — Interpret bytes as packed binary data
    • codecs — Codec registry and base classes
  • Data Types
    • datetime — Basic date and time types
    • zoneinfo — IANA time zone support
    • calendar — General calendar-related functions
    • collections — Container datatypes
    • collections.abc — Abstract Base Classes for Containers
    • heapq — Heap queue algorithm
    • bisect — Array bisection algorithm
    • array — Efficient arrays of numeric values
    • weakref — Weak references
    • types — Dynamic type creation and names for built-in types
    • copy — Shallow and deep copy operations
    • pprint — Data pretty printer
    • reprlib — Alternate repr() implementation
    • enum — Support for enumerations
    • graphlib — Functionality to operate with graph-like structures
  • Numeric and Mathematical Modules
    • numbers — Numeric abstract base classes
    • math — Mathematical functions
    • cmath — Mathematical functions for complex numbers
    • decimal — Decimal fixed point and floating point arithmetic
    • fractions — Rational numbers
    • random — Generate pseudo-random numbers
    • statistics — Mathematical statistics functions
  • Functional Programming Modules
    • itertools — Functions creating iterators for efficient looping
    • functools — Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects
    • operator — Standard operators as functions
  • File and Directory Access
    • pathlib — Object-oriented filesystem paths
    • os.path — Common pathname manipulations
    • fileinput — Iterate over lines from multiple input streams
    • stat — Interpreting stat() results
    • filecmp — File and Directory Comparisons
    • tempfile — Generate temporary files and directories
    • glob — Unix style pathname pattern expansion
    • fnmatch — Unix filename pattern matching
    • linecache — Random access to text lines
    • shutil — High-level file operations
  • Data Persistence
    • pickle — Python object serialization
    • copyreg — Register pickle support functions
    • shelve — Python object persistence
    • marshal — Internal Python object serialization
    • dbm — Interfaces to Unix “databases”
    • sqlite3 — DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases
  • Data Compression and Archiving
    • zlib — Compression compatible with gzip
    • gzip — Support for gzip files
    • bz2 — Support for bzip2 compression
    • lzma — Compression using the LZMA algorithm
    • zipfile — Work with ZIP archives
    • tarfile — Read and write tar archive files
  • File Formats
    • csv — CSV File Reading and Writing
    • configparser — Configuration file parser
    • netrc — netrc file processing
    • plistlib — Generate and parse Apple .plist files
  • Cryptographic Services
    • hashlib — Secure hashes and message digests
    • hmac — Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication
    • secrets — Generate secure random numbers for managing secrets
  • Generic Operating System Services
    • os — Miscellaneous operating system interfaces
    • io — Core tools for working with streams
    • time — Time access and conversions
    • argparse — Parser for command-line options, arguments and sub-commands
    • getopt — C-style parser for command line options
    • logging — Logging facility for Python
    • logging.config — Logging configuration
    • logging.handlers — Logging handlers
    • getpass — Portable password input
    • platform — Access to underlying platform’s identifying data
    • errno — Standard errno system symbols
    • ctypes — A foreign function library for Python
  • Concurrent Execution
    • threading — Thread-based parallelism
    • multiprocessing — Process-based parallelism
    • multiprocessing.shared_memory — Provides shared memory for direct access across processes
    • The concurrent package
    • concurrent.futures — Launching parallel tasks
    • subprocess — Subprocess management
    • sched — Event scheduler
    • queue — A synchronized queue class
    • contextvars — Context Variables
    • _thread — Low-level threading API
  • Networking and Interprocess Communication
    • asyncio — Asynchronous I/O
      • Coroutines and Tasks
      • Streams
      • Synchronization Primitives
      • Subprocesses
      • Queues
      • Exceptions
      • Event Loop
      • Futures
      • Transports and Protocols
      • Policies
      • Platform Support
      • High-level API Index
      • Low-level API Index
      • Developing with asyncio
    • socket — Low-level networking interface
    • ssl — TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects
    • select — Waiting for I/O completion
    • selectors — High-level I/O multiplexing
    • signal — Set handlers for asynchronous events
    • mmap — Memory-mapped file support
  • Internet Data Handling
    • email — An email and MIME handling package
      • email.message : Representing an email message
      • email.parser : Parsing email messages
      • email.generator : Generating MIME documents
      • email.policy : Policy Objects
      • email.errors : Exception and Defect classes
      • email.headerregistry : Custom Header Objects
      • email.contentmanager : Managing MIME Content
      • email : Examples
      • email.message.Message : Representing an email message using the compat32 API
      • email.mime : Creating email and MIME objects from scratch
      • email.header : Internationalized headers
      • email.charset : Representing character sets
      • email.encoders : Encoders
      • email.utils : Miscellaneous utilities
      • email.iterators : Iterators
    • json — JSON encoder and decoder
    • mailcap — Mailcap file handling
    • mailbox — Manipulate mailboxes in various formats
    • mimetypes — Map filenames to MIME types
    • base64 — Base16, Base32, Base64, Base85 Data Encodings
    • binhex — Encode and decode binhex4 files
    • binascii — Convert between binary and ASCII
    • quopri — Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data
  • Structured Markup Processing Tools
    • html — HyperText Markup Language support
    • html.parser — Simple HTML and XHTML parser
    • html.entities — Definitions of HTML general entities
    • XML Processing Modules
    • xml.etree.ElementTree — The ElementTree XML API
    • xml.dom — The Document Object Model API
    • xml.dom.minidom — Minimal DOM implementation
    • xml.dom.pulldom — Support for building partial DOM trees
    • xml.sax — Support for SAX2 parsers
    • xml.sax.handler — Base classes for SAX handlers
    • xml.sax.saxutils — SAX Utilities
    • xml.sax.xmlreader — Interface for XML parsers
    • xml.parsers.expat — Fast XML parsing using Expat
  • Internet Protocols and Support
    • webbrowser — Convenient web-browser controller
    • wsgiref — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation
    • urllib — URL handling modules
    • urllib.request — Extensible library for opening URLs
    • urllib.parse — Parse URLs into components
    • urllib.error — Exception classes raised by urllib.request
    • urllib.robotparser — Parser for robots.txt
    • http — HTTP modules
    • http.client — HTTP protocol client
    • ftplib — FTP protocol client
    • poplib — POP3 protocol client
    • imaplib — IMAP4 protocol client
    • smtplib — SMTP protocol client
    • uuid — UUID objects according to RFC 4122
    • socketserver — A framework for network servers
    • http.server — HTTP servers
    • http.cookies — HTTP state management
    • http.cookiejar — Cookie handling for HTTP clients
    • xmlrpc — XMLRPC server and client modules
    • xmlrpc.client — XML-RPC client access
    • xmlrpc.server — Basic XML-RPC servers
    • ipaddress — IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library
  • Multimedia Services
    • wave — Read and write WAV files
    • colorsys — Conversions between color systems
  • Internationalization
    • gettext — Multilingual internationalization services
    • locale — Internationalization services
  • Program Frameworks
    • turtle — Turtle graphics
    • cmd — Support for line-oriented command interpreters
    • shlex — Simple lexical analysis
  • Development Tools
    • typing — Support for type hints
    • pydoc — Documentation generator and online help system
    • Python Development Mode
    • doctest — Test interactive Python examples
    • unittest — Unit testing framework
    • unittest.mock — mock object library
    • unittest.mock — getting started
    • 2to3 - Automated Python 2 to 3 code translation
    • test — Regression tests package for Python
  • Debugging and Profiling
    • Audit events table
    • bdb — Debugger framework
    • faulthandler — Dump the Python traceback
    • pdb — The Python Debugger
    • The Python Profilers
    • timeit — Measure execution time of small code snippets
    • trace — Trace or track Python statement execution
    • tracemalloc — Trace memory allocations
  • Software Packaging and Distribution
    • distutils — Building and installing Python modules
    • ensurepip — Bootstrapping the pip installer
    • venv — Creation of virtual environments
    • zipapp — Manage executable Python zip archives
  • Python Runtime Services
    • sys — System-specific parameters and functions
    • sysconfig — Provide access to Python’s configuration information
    • builtins — Built-in objects
    • __main__ — Top-level code environment
    • warnings — Warning control
    • dataclasses — Data Classes
    • contextlib — Utilities for with -statement contexts
    • abc — Abstract Base Classes
    • atexit — Exit handlers
    • traceback — Print or retrieve a stack traceback
    • __future__ — Future statement definitions
    • gc — Garbage Collector interface
    • inspect — Inspect live objects
    • site — Site-specific configuration hook
  • Custom Python Interpreters
    • code — Interpreter base classes
    • codeop — Compile Python code
  • Importing Modules
    • zipimport — Import modules from Zip archives
    • pkgutil — Package extension utility
    • modulefinder — Find modules used by a script
    • runpy — Locating and executing Python modules
    • importlib — The implementation of import
    • Using importlib.metadata
  • Python Language Services
    • ast — Abstract Syntax Trees
    • symtable — Access to the compiler’s symbol tables
    • token — Constants used with Python parse trees
    • keyword — Testing for Python keywords
    • tokenize — Tokenizer for Python source
    • tabnanny — Detection of ambiguous indentation
    • pyclbr — Python module browser support
    • py_compile — Compile Python source files
    • compileall — Byte-compile Python libraries
    • dis — Disassembler for Python bytecode
    • pickletools — Tools for pickle developers
  • Unix Specific Services
    • posix — The most common POSIX system calls
    • pwd — The password database
    • grp — The group database
    • termios — POSIX style tty control
    • tty — Terminal control functions
    • pty — Pseudo-terminal utilities
    • fcntl — The fcntl and ioctl system calls
    • resource — Resource usage information
    • syslog — Unix syslog library routines
  • Superseded Modules
    • aifc — Read and write AIFF and AIFC files
    • asynchat — Asynchronous socket command/response handler
    • asyncore — Asynchronous socket handler
    • audioop — Manipulate raw audio data
    • cgi — Common Gateway Interface support
    • cgitb — Traceback manager for CGI scripts
    • chunk — Read IFF chunked data
    • crypt — Function to check Unix passwords
    • imghdr — Determine the type of an image
    • imp — Access the import internals
    • msilib — Read and write Microsoft Installer files
    • nntplib — NNTP protocol client
    • nis — Interface to Sun’s NIS (Yellow Pages)
    • optparse — Parser for command line options
    • ossaudiodev — Access to OSS-compatible audio devices
    • pipes — Interface to shell pipelines
    • smtpd — SMTP Server
    • sndhdr — Determine type of sound file
    • spwd — The shadow password database
    • sunau — Read and write Sun AU files
    • telnetlib — Telnet client
    • uu — Encode and decode uuencode files
    • xdrlib — Encode and decode XDR data
  • Undocumented Modules
  • Security Considerations

Multimedia Services#

The modules described in this chapter implement various algorithms or interfaces that are mainly useful for multimedia applications. They are available at the discretion of the installation. Here’s an overview:

  • wave — Read and write WAV files
    • Wave_read Objects
    • Wave_write Objects
  • colorsys — Conversions between color systems

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