html.parser — Simple HTML and XHTML parser¶Source code: Lib/html/parser.py
This module defines a class HTMLParser which serves as the basis for
parsing text files formatted in HTML (HyperText Mark-up Language) and XHTML.
html.parser.HTMLParser(*, convert_charrefs=True)¶Create a parser instance able to parse invalid markup.
If convert_charrefs is True (the default), all character
references (except the ones in script/style elements) are
automatically converted to the corresponding Unicode characters.
An HTMLParser instance is fed HTML data and calls handler methods
when start tags, end tags, text, comments, and other markup elements are
encountered. The user should subclass HTMLParser and override its
methods to implement the desired behavior.
This parser does not check that end tags match start tags or call the end-tag handler for elements which are closed implicitly by closing an outer element.
Changed in version 3.4: convert_charrefs keyword argument added.
Changed in version 3.5: The default value for argument convert_charrefs is now True.
As a basic example, below is a simple HTML parser that uses the
HTMLParser class to print out start tags, end tags, and data
as they are encountered:
from html.parser import HTMLParser
class MyHTMLParser(HTMLParser):
def handle_starttag(self, tag, attrs):
print("Encountered a start tag:", tag)
def handle_endtag(self, tag):
print("Encountered an end tag :", tag)
def handle_data(self, data):
print("Encountered some data :", data)
parser = MyHTMLParser()
parser.feed('<html><head><title>Test</title></head>'
'<body><h1>Parse me!</h1></body></html>')
The output will then be:
Encountered a start tag: html
Encountered a start tag: head
Encountered a start tag: title
Encountered some data : Test
Encountered an end tag : title
Encountered an end tag : head
Encountered a start tag: body
Encountered a start tag: h1
Encountered some data : Parse me!
Encountered an end tag : h1
Encountered an end tag : body
Encountered an end tag : html
HTMLParser Methods¶HTMLParser instances have the following methods:
HTMLParser.feed(data)¶Feed some text to the parser. It is processed insofar as it consists of
complete elements; incomplete data is buffered until more data is fed or
close() is called. data must be str.
HTMLParser.close()¶Force processing of all buffered data as if it were followed by an end-of-file
mark. This method may be redefined by a derived class to define additional
processing at the end of the input, but the redefined version should always call
the HTMLParser base class method close().
HTMLParser.reset()¶Reset the instance. Loses all unprocessed data. This is called implicitly at instantiation time.
HTMLParser.getpos()¶Return current line number and offset.
HTMLParser.get_starttag_text()¶Return the text of the most recently opened start tag. This should not normally be needed for structured processing, but may be useful in dealing with HTML “as deployed” or for re-generating input with minimal changes (whitespace between attributes can be preserved, etc.).
The following methods are called when data or markup elements are encountered
and they are meant to be overridden in a subclass. The base class
implementations do nothing (except for handle_startendtag()):
HTMLParser.handle_starttag(tag, attrs)¶This method is called to handle the start of a tag (e.g. <div id="main">).
The tag argument is the name of the tag converted to lower case. The attrs
argument is a list of (name, value) pairs containing the attributes found
inside the tag’s <> brackets. The name will be translated to lower case,
and quotes in the value have been removed, and character and entity references
have been replaced.
For instance, for the tag <A HREF="https://www.cwi.nl/">, this method
would be called as handle_starttag('a', [('href', 'https://www.cwi.nl/')]).
All entity references from html.entities are replaced in the attribute
values.
HTMLParser.handle_endtag(tag)¶This method is called to handle the end tag of an element (e.g. </div>).
The tag argument is the name of the tag converted to lower case.
HTMLParser.handle_startendtag(tag, attrs)¶Similar to handle_starttag(), but called when the parser encounters an
XHTML-style empty tag (<img ... />). This method may be overridden by
subclasses which require this particular lexical information; the default
implementation simply calls handle_starttag() and handle_endtag().
HTMLParser.handle_data(data)¶This method is called to process arbitrary data (e.g. text nodes and the
content of <script>...</script> and <style>...</style>).
HTMLParser.handle_entityref(name)¶This method is called to process a named character reference of the form
&name; (e.g. >), where name is a general entity reference
(e.g. 'gt'). This method is never called if convert_charrefs is
True.
HTMLParser.handle_charref(name)¶This method is called to process decimal and hexadecimal numeric character
references of the form &#NNN; and &#xNNN;. For example, the decimal
equivalent for > is >, whereas the hexadecimal is >;
in this case the method will receive '62' or 'x3E'. This method
is never called if convert_charrefs is True.
HTMLParser.handle_comment(data)¶This method is called when a comment is encountered (e.g. <!--comment-->).
For example, the comment <!-- comment --> will cause this method to be
called with the argument ' comment '.
The content of Internet Explorer conditional comments (condcoms) will also be
sent to this method, so, for <!--[if IE 9]>IE9-specific content<![endif]-->,
this method will receive '[if IE 9]>IE9-specific content<![endif]'.
HTMLParser.handle_decl(decl)¶This method is called to handle an HTML doctype declaration (e.g.
<!DOCTYPE html>).
The decl parameter will be the entire contents of the declaration inside
the <!...> markup (e.g. 'DOCTYPE html').
HTMLParser.handle_pi(data)¶Method called when a processing instruction is encountered. The data
parameter will contain the entire processing instruction. For example, for the
processing instruction <?proc color='red'>, this method would be called as
handle_pi("proc color='red'"). It is intended to be overridden by a derived
class; the base class implementation does nothing.
Note
The HTMLParser class uses the SGML syntactic rules for processing
instructions. An XHTML processing instruction using the trailing '?' will
cause the '?' to be included in data.
HTMLParser.unknown_decl(data)¶This method is called when an unrecognized declaration is read by the parser.
The data parameter will be the entire contents of the declaration inside
the <![...]> markup. It is sometimes useful to be overridden by a
derived class. The base class implementation does nothing.
The following class implements a parser that will be used to illustrate more examples:
from html.parser import HTMLParser
from html.entities import name2codepoint
class MyHTMLParser(HTMLParser):
def handle_starttag(self, tag, attrs):
print("Start tag:", tag)
for attr in attrs:
print(" attr:", attr)
def handle_endtag(self, tag):
print("End tag :", tag)
def handle_data(self, data):
print("Data :", data)
def handle_comment(self, data):
print("Comment :", data)
def handle_entityref(self, name):
c = chr(name2codepoint[name])
print("Named ent:", c)
def handle_charref(self, name):
if name.startswith('x'):
c = chr(int(name[1:], 16))
else:
c = chr(int(name))
print("Num ent :", c)
def handle_decl(self, data):
print("Decl :", data)
parser = MyHTMLParser()
Parsing a doctype:
>>> parser.feed('<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" '
... '"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">')
Decl : DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd"
Parsing an element with a few attributes and a title:
>>> parser.feed('<img src="python-logo.png" alt="The Python logo">')
Start tag: img
attr: ('src', 'python-logo.png')
attr: ('alt', 'The Python logo')
>>>
>>> parser.feed('<h1>Python</h1>')
Start tag: h1
Data : Python
End tag : h1
The content of script and style elements is returned as is, without
further parsing:
>>> parser.feed('<style type="text/css">#python { color: green }</style>')
Start tag: style
attr: ('type', 'text/css')
Data : #python { color: green }
End tag : style
>>> parser.feed('<script type="text/javascript">'
... 'alert("<strong>hello!</strong>");</script>')
Start tag: script
attr: ('type', 'text/javascript')
Data : alert("<strong>hello!</strong>");
End tag : script
Parsing comments:
>>> parser.feed('<!-- a comment -->'
... '<!--[if IE 9]>IE-specific content<![endif]-->')
Comment : a comment
Comment : [if IE 9]>IE-specific content<![endif]
Parsing named and numeric character references and converting them to the
correct char (note: these 3 references are all equivalent to '>'):
>>> parser.feed('>>>')
Named ent: >
Num ent : >
Num ent : >
Feeding incomplete chunks to feed() works, but
handle_data() might be called more than once
(unless convert_charrefs is set to True):
>>> for chunk in ['<sp', 'an>buff', 'ered ', 'text</s', 'pan>']:
... parser.feed(chunk)
...
Start tag: span
Data : buff
Data : ered
Data : text
End tag : span
Parsing invalid HTML (e.g. unquoted attributes) also works:
>>> parser.feed('<p><a class=link href=#main>tag soup</p ></a>')
Start tag: p
Start tag: a
attr: ('class', 'link')
attr: ('href', '#main')
Data : tag soup
End tag : p
End tag : a