Short answer: You could probably do it, but it wouldn't be easy.
It's very difficult in general to write a single UI library that works on both desktop and mobile, because (aside from Windows UWP) desktop and mobile UIs are usually very different. Even if you stay inside the Apple ecosystem, AppKit (macOS) and UIKit (iOS) are very different in terms of UI design, user input, lifecycle, etc., and it's impossible to write a single app that works on both platforms.
There are some Python UI libraries that work on desktop and mobile, for example Kivy and Toga, though I have almost no experience with both of them.
Kivy is more oriented towards game development I think, so it draws its own UI elements instead of using native ones. It can't be used directly on Pythonista, because it requires compiled code, but someone has written a library called UniPaGE that provides a common API that uses Kivy on desktop and the ui module on Pythonista.
Toga basically the opposite, one of its main features is that it uses native UI elements on all platforms. The iOS implementation is also pure Python (it uses ctypes instead of actual C code) so it could in theory run on Pythonista. This would require some extra code though, because Toga assumes that it's running as a standalone app, so it doesn't work well (or at all) inside Pythonista by default.