Compute the (Moore-Penrose) pseudo-inverse of a matrix.
Calculate the generalized inverse of a matrix using its singular-value decomposition (SVD) and including all large singular values.
Parameters: | a : (M, N) array_like
rcond : float
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Returns: | B : (N, M) ndarray
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Raises: | LinAlgError :
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Notes
The pseudo-inverse of a matrix A, denoted A^+, is defined as: “the matrix that ‘solves’ [the least-squares problem] Ax = b,” i.e., if \bar{x} is said solution, then A^+ is that matrix such that \bar{x} = A^+b.
It can be shown that if Q_1 \Sigma Q_2^T = A is the singular value decomposition of A, then A^+ = Q_2 \Sigma^+ Q_1^T, where Q_{1,2} are orthogonal matrices, \Sigma is a diagonal matrix consisting of A’s so-called singular values, (followed, typically, by zeros), and then \Sigma^+ is simply the diagonal matrix consisting of the reciprocals of A’s singular values (again, followed by zeros). [R40]
References
[R40] | (1, 2) G. Strang, Linear Algebra and Its Applications, 2nd Ed., Orlando, FL, Academic Press, Inc., 1980, pp. 139-142. |
Examples
The following example checks that a * a+ * a == a and a+ * a * a+ == a+:
>>> a = np.random.randn(9, 6)
>>> B = np.linalg.pinv(a)
>>> np.allclose(a, np.dot(a, np.dot(B, a)))
True
>>> np.allclose(B, np.dot(B, np.dot(a, B)))
True